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Friday, July 6, 2012
Thursday, July 5, 2012
Counting carbon: Pre-industrial emissions make a difference
Wednesday, July 4, 2012
When evaluating the historic contributions made by different countries to the greenhouse gasses found in Earth's atmosphere, calculations generally go back no further than the year 1840. New research from Carnegie's Julia Pongratz and Ken Caldeira shows that carbon dioxide contributions from the pre-industrial era still have an impact on our climate today. Their work is published in Environmental Research Letters.
The burning of fossil fuels that came with industrialization released massive amounts of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, which has caused global warming. But clearing forests and other wild areas for agricultural purposes also contribute to atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that has been happening since before industrialization.
When unmanaged land is cleared for farming, part of the carbon is released immediately into the atmosphere as a result of burning. The rest of the carbon, including that from roots and wood products, releases carbon as the wood decays over years and centuries, meaning that carbon from pre-industrial activities is still being emitted into the atmosphere. Furthermore, a part of carbon dioxide emissions remain in the atmosphere for many centuries, because the ocean and vegetation on land absorb carbon dioxide only slowly over time. As a result, there is a warming effect long after the initial clearing of land.
"The relatively small amounts of carbon dioxide emitted many centuries ago continue to affect atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and our climate today, though only to a relatively small extent," Pongratz, who is now at the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, said. "But looking into the past illustrates that the relatively large amount of carbon dioxide that we are emitting today will continue to have relatively large impacts on the atmosphere and climate for many centuries into the future."
Moreover, the effect of accounting for pre-industrial emissions can have important consequences for the amount of climate change attributed to certain regions. In some regions, such as North America, preindustrial clearing is only a small part of the total carbon picture because such massive quantities have been released by burning fossil fuels. But in other regions, particularly China and India, the ratio of preindustrial to industrial emissions is high.
The world's population increased about five-fold between 800 and 1850 AD and half that growth occurred in China and India. This led to substantial deforestation in the preindustrial era. On the other side of the coin, cumulative post-industrial fossil fuel carbon emissions for these nations are relatively low, only reaching substantial levels in recent years.
Using advanced models, Pongratz and Caldeira determined that accounting for pre-industrial emissions shifts attribution of global temperature from industrialized nations to developing nations by up to 2 to 3 %. For example, the study found that considering emissions from pre-industrial land-use change increases the amount of total global warming that can be attributed to emissions from South Asia (a region that includes India) from 5.1% to 7% -- an increase of 37% in the amount previously attributed to this region. Emissions from North America, Europe, and the former Soviet Union have caused more than half of all global warming, even though fewer people live in those regions combined than live in India alone.
The researchers note that their work is not intended to increase the blame on people living in the developing world today for our current climate problems based on what their ancestors did centuries ago, particularly considering the much larger climate impact being made by modern industrialized nations on a daily basis.
"Accounting systems are not natural facts, but human inventions," Caldeira said. "Once an accounting system is defined, it becomes a matter of scientific investigation to determine what numbers should go in the ledger, but broader questions of who is responsible for what and who owes what to whom are judgments that lie outside the scope of science."
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Carnegie Institution: http://www.ciw.edu
Thanks to Carnegie Institution for this article.
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Source: http://www.labspaces.net/121467/Counting_carbon__Pre_industrial_emissions_make_a_difference
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Wednesday, July 4, 2012
UK judge rules HTC doesn't violate Apple's patents, invalidates Cupertino's claims
Well, Apple had a few legal victories over the last couple of weeks, but it's just been handed a significant defeat by Judge Christopher Floyd. The UK court handed down a ruling that HTC does not violate four Apple patents, including the infamous slide-to-unlock claim. What's more, the judge ruled that three of the four patents in question were not valid, among them the aforementioned unlocking design. The only one of the four patents that stood at the end of the day was related to scrolling through images in the photo management app, but HTC did not infringe upon the claim. This follows the ITC refusing an emergency ban on HTC products in the US. Don't think you've heard the last of slide-to-unlock, however. As HTC, Apple and Samsung have repeatedly shown, they're just as interested in competing in the court room as they are on store shelves (if not more so).
UK judge rules HTC doesn't violate Apple's patents, invalidates Cupertino's claims originally appeared on Engadget on Wed, 04 Jul 2012 10:07:00 EDT. Please see our terms for use of feeds.
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Tuesday, July 3, 2012
The 24-Carat Gold Vacuum Cleaner You Didn't Ask For and Don't Need [Video]
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Glee Club
Have you ever felt you have just floated through school not having anywhere to belong...but then you hear singing in one room....and a sign up sheet on the doorway....will you join?
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This topic is an Out Of Character part of the roleplay, ?Glee Club?. Anything posted here will also show up there.Topic Tags:
Forum for completely Out of Character (OOC) discussion, based around whatever is happening In Character (IC). Discuss plans, storylines, and events; Recruit for your roleplaying game, or find a GM for your playergroup.This is the auto-generated OOC topic for the roleplay "Glee Club"
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No Day But Today-RentWhen you don't want to feel, death can seem like a dream. But seeing death, really seeing it, makes dreaming about it f'in ridiculous. Maybe, there's a moment growing up when something peels back... Maybe, maybe, we look for secrets because we can't believe our minds...-Girl Interrupted
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airedeiagrace - Member for 0 years
Can I take up the gay boy?
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PrincessBoy - Member for 2 years
Can I reserve the emo girl? OwO ?
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RawrImaPanda - Member for 1 years
can I reserve the gay football player? And Is he open or in the closet?
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Wunderland - Member for 0 years
Can I suggest a role just because I know I would play it well,
The Shy Girl, reserve for me please. I'll make a character sheet and you can tell me if you like it or not.
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Saiyan Princess - Member for 0 years
Ill reserve you all for those parts, reservations only last 2 days.
@wunderland: that is up to you if you want him to be open or not
@Saiyan: ill add that role for you :)
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airedeiagrace - Member for 0 years
Oh and one more thing for the characters skelly i added sexuality to it so make sure you add that in :)
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airedeiagrace - Member for 0 years
Can I reserve nerd? And does it have to be a boy or girl?
What's the point of being normal? Wouldn't you rather be like This?
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_NotTheNormalOne_ - Member for 0 years
Yes you can...and it would be nice if the nerd was a boy because we have quite a few girl characters
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airedeiagrace - Member for 0 years
Post a reply
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Monday, July 2, 2012
Rusty memories rejuvenated in elderly mice
Forgetfulness that accompanies the march of time may be reversible ? in mice at least. Elderly mice have had their faltering memories restored after receiving extra amounts of an enzyme that switches genes on or off in the brain.
"We found they performed just like young animals," says Hilmar Bading of the University of Heidelberg in Germany.
He and his colleagues injected a virus directly into the brain's hippocampus ? an area responsible for memory. The virus contained extra copies of a gene that makes an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt3a2). This enzyme alters gene activity through methylation, the addition of chemical methyl groups to DNA.
The team then gave the mice a series of memory tasks. They were presented with an object, then a day later they were presented with the same object and a novel one. Because young mice remember seeing one of the objects before, they spent more time investigating the novel one. Elderly mice generally spent the same amount of time on each.
When elderly mice were given the virus, they matched the young mice in the task, spending 70 per cent of their time investigating the new object.
When the researchers used similar techniques to halve the amount of Dnmt3a2 that young mice produce, their performance deteriorated to that of non-treated elderly mice. "Clearly, if you have too little of the enzyme, your memory works less well," says Bading.
As yet, there is no drug that could boost levels of Dnmt3a2 in the human brain, but Bading says that more of it gets made naturally when the brain is active.
So while his team intend to investigate possible memory-enhancing treatments, his advice to people as they age is to keep their brains and bodies as active as possible.
Journal reference: Nature Neuroscience, DOI: 10.1038/nn.3151
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